Raffles Hotel - Singapore, Singapore

Several ten minutes history (Discovery Channel) of Singapore’s history, giving you a good impression of how modern Singapore was built.
1937 until after World War 2: The fall and rise of Singapore
Modern Singapore: How the success was built:

_____________________________

HISTORY IN BRIEF:



In 1987/88, while researching the history of the hotel for this book THE RAFFLES TREASURY, Andreas Augustin found the original drawings of Raffles Hotel (above). This plan shows the first drawings of two proposed wings to the original Dare bungalow in 1889. We also find that the landowner of the property during this time was Singapore-Arabic trader Syed Mohamed bin Ahmed Al Sagoff.
Declared a National Monument in 1987, the Hotel has grown from strength to strength. With its restoration and re-opening in 1991, Raffles Hotel today stands as a jewel in the crown of Singapore’s hospitality industry, renowned and loved for it’s inimitable style and unsurpassed excellence in service and facilities. In multi-cultural Singapore, it is not surprising that the visionary founders of Raffles Hotel were a quartet of enterprising Armenian brothers; Martin, Tigran, Aviet and Arshak Sarkies. Raffles Hotel opened in 1887 in a rather somber-looking old bungalow known as Beach House. It was named after Sir Stamford Raffles, founder of modern Singapore. Topical suits and solar topi were as much a part of Raffles hotel's early style as bentwood tables and rattan chairs. Over the years, the hotel has evolved into one of the world’s most beloved Grande Hotels and welcomed innumerable celebrities, writers, and royalty.
HISTORY IN DETAIL:
Singapore is named after a legendary prince. The story goes, that His Royal Highness, Nila Utama, landed on the island between 700 and 1.300 AD. Shortly after his arrival he saw an animal. Under the impression that this beast was a lion he called the place Singa Pura (Singa Pura = Lion City). This legend seems to be floored by a less romantic theory: Singgah means stopover and Pura stands for city.
1819, February 6th: Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles signed the treaty with the new Sultan of Johore to establish a trading post in Singapore for the British East India Company. His free trading policy attracts entrepreneurial talent from all over Asia. Within months the establishment of Singapore proved to be a real success. Thousands of Chinese, Babas (Straits Chinese from Malacca or Penang), Indians, Malays or European, fascinated by the prospect of free trade, moved to the newly established port. By June, the island had a population of more than 5.000.
1822: Raffles installed a committee that drew the basic plans for a controlled development of Singapore.
1823: Great Britain put Singapore under control of the govenor-general of India and appointed a new resident, John Crawfurd. Raffles himself, who felt his failing health, left Singapore. He died one year later in England at the age of 45.
1826: Singapore merged with the British colonies Penang and Malacca to form the Straits Settlements.
1850s: At least 300 people a year were gobbled up by tigers. The fovernment allowed free shooting and offered rewards from $50 to $ 250 for every tiger. Thirty years earlier William Farquhar had to offer ten dollars for every rat killed.
1867: Together with the island of Penang and the city-state of Malacca in Malaya, Singapore became a full British colony under the name Straits Settlements. administered from London.
1869 The Suez Canal opened and shipping traffic to Singapore increased significantly. The total turnover in the colony rose from L 58 million to L 90 million between 1868 and 1873.



The Sarkies brothers: Tigran, Arshak, Martin and Aviet (from left)
1886: The Armenian Sarkies brothers took over the manison of Captain George Julius Dare in Singapore´s prestigious “Twenty - House Street” (Beach Road). The property, facing the harbour, belonged to the Arabian trader Syed Mohammed Bin Ahmed Al Sagoff.
1887: The Sarkies transformed the house, which operated as a Tiffin Room, into a small hostelry and opened with 20 rooms only under the name Raffles Hotel on December 1st.
1899: The elegant Raffles Hotel main-building with a total of 102 rooms was created. It was the only hotel in the Straits Settlements lighted with electricity and cooled by electric fans! The Sarkies brothers managed the hotel under a lease from Syed Mohamed Alsagoff.
1902: A tiger was sot under the billiard room annex at Raffles Hotel. The new wing of the hotel facing Bras Basah Road was completed.



1910: The Palm Court was extended to itx present size. Raffles receives it large ballroom.
1911: The population of Singapore passed 250.000 combining 48 races speaking 54 languages.
1915: Barman Ngiam Tong Boon created the Singapore Sling, a fine concoction, made of Gin and seven other things.
1917: Tigran Sarkies retired. The same year, the Russian revolution sent talented musicians across the steppes and tundras of Siberia. They came through Shanghai to South East Asia. Some of them eventually played at Raffles. They struck new and definitley not Russian tunes in the largest ballroom of the East: JAZZ!
1923: The Sarkies bought Singapore´s Sea View Hotel (demolished in the 1960s). Aviet Sarkies died.
1926: Jazz musician, Joe Speelman, introduced a new “movement” to Singapore. Some people called it dancing and it was first performed at Raffles: Charleston.
1929-1931: The Malayan rubber slump combined with the world´s great depression made hotel operations difficult. At the same time, Arshak Sarkies embarked on extravagant renovations.
1931: Arshak died at the E&O Hotel in Penang. His partner, M.S. Arathoon, faced bankruptcy and the Sarkies hotels including Raffles, went into receivership.
1933: A new public company, Raffles Hotel Ltd., was incorporated. Swiss Teddy Troller became the first professional Manager at Raffles.
1934: Raffles major rival the Grand Hotel de l´Europe, closed. Raffles now became the unimpeachable number one in the colony. After further renovations the hotel had 120 rooms.
1937: Singapore´s Kallang Airport opened as one of the most modern airports in the world. In the same year the march of the “Rising Sun” continued. After capturing Manchuria six years earlier, Japan invaded China.
1938: Singapore appeared well protected with new installed heavy artillery, new airfields and stron anti aircraft defences. The colony was called “Gibraltar of the East”. The defence was mainly orientated towards the sea in the south.
1941: The pride of the Navy, the Prince of Wales and the Repulse, anchored at the piers of Singapore. The Lion City was - in the mind of her inhabitants - invincible. Despite this, a silent evacuation of women and children started in view of the Japanese marching down the Malayan peninsula. Ships brought troops from Australia and New Zealand and took back women and children.
1941, December 8th: Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour. At the same time they launched their first air raids on Singapore.
December 10th: Shocking news reached the colony: the battles ships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the shore of Malaysia by Japanese torpedo bombers.
1942, February 8th: British colonials made a last stand at Raffles. “There will always be an England” echoed through the hotel and dancing continued until the small hours. Raffles staff buried the precious hotel silver including the famous silver beef trolley in the Palm Court. At the same time Japanese troops invaded Singapore from the north using collapsing boats.
1942, February 13th: The Govenor, Sir Shenton Thomas, ordered the destruction of all stocks of liquors on the island. The “Hong Kong experience” had shown that Japanese are much more gentle without alcohol.
1942-1945: After Singapore´s unconditional surrender, her clocks were synchronized to match Tokyo time for three ling years. This period brought the horror of war to Singapore. Many were killed, others were intered at Changi prison or sent north to erect the “death railway” from Thailand to Burma. The Japanese renamed Singapore “Syonan”. Raffles Hotel became Syonan Ryokan, the Light of the South Hotel. It was appointed as a quarter for senior Japanes officers. During the occupation the main entrance was moved from the corner of Beach Road/Bras Basah Road to an other corner, facing the sunrise in the east.
1945, August 21st: The Japanese surrendered to allied forces and formally returned the island to Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten a week later. According to our research one Japanese officer committed suicide (hara-kiri) in one of the rooms in the Bras Basah complex, leaving a note that the staff is not to blame for his death. On 4 September the Japanese vacated the hotel.
Now the hotel silver was unearthed and M.S. Arathoon reopened Raffles, which became the temporary transit camp for released prisoners-of-war under the interim British Military Administration.
1950: Air-conditioning was installed at Raffles.
1952: Indonesian-Dutch Frans Schutzman became Raffles´Manager.
1953: In celebration of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, the hotels´s Elizabethan Grill was opened.
The Palm Court, where Somerset Maugham used to sit and work every day.
1963: Singapore merged with Malaya, Sabah and Srawak to form the Federation of Malaysia.
1965: Singapore severed itself from the federation and became a sovereign, independent and democratic nation in its own right, immediately accepted as the 117th member of the United Nations.
1970: The swimming pool was constructed in the Palm Court.
1972: Roberto Pregarz took over as Manager from Briton Charles Dorkins.
1970s: Singapore developed enormously. It became the financial and trading centre of South East Asia. At the end of this decade, the per capita Gross National Product reached 10.800 Singapore dollars, second in Asia only to Japan.
1987: The research for this book lead to the startling discovery of the original drawings of the Raffles Hotel.
1988: Raffles faced S$ 50 million renovations. Being a “Historical Landmark”, protected by the Singapore Monument Preservation Board, the hotel returned to its former grandeur. With the aid of modern techniques folowing the unique and old fashioned style of Lady Raffles, she is turned into a luxurious jewel once again. Due to these renovations, Raffles became once again - the most fascinating hotel east of Suez.
In June 1988, Noel Barber´s “Tanamera” was filmed at Raffles. Julie Soong and her lover John Dexter had one of their forbidden rendezvous.
Over 50 extras where acting, and through the Palm Court echoed once again “There will always be an England!”
1989: Raffles closed for renovation.
1991: Raffles reopens, a deluxe hotel with en-suite shopping arcades, theatre, museum, spa, etc.